| 7.Application | DNS, WWW/HTTP, P2P, EMAIL/POP, SMTP, Telnet, FTP | Network Process to Application |
| 6.Presentation | Recognizing Data: HTML, DOC, JPEG, MP3, AVI, Sockets | Data Representation and Encryption |
| 5.Session | Session Establishment in TCP, SIP, RTP, RPC-Named Pipes | Interhost Communication |
| 4.Transport | TCP, UDP, SCTP, SSL, TCL | End-to-End Connection and Reliability |
| 3.Network | IP, ARP, IPsec, ICMP, IGMP, OSPF | Path Determination and Logical Addressing |
| 2.Data Link | Ethernet, 802.11, MAC/LLC, VLAN, ATM, HDP, Fibre Channel, Frame Relay, HDLC, PPP, Q.921, Token Ring | Physical Addressing |
| 1.Physical | RS-232, RJ45, V.34, 100BASE-TX, SDH, DSL, 802.11 | Media, Signal and Binary Transmission |
